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Projects & Operations

Since 2006, AFM has been a pioneer in providing integrated operation and maintenance services in Angola.

Clients

AFM’s client portfolio features major international organizations and public institutions in Angola, including ExxonMobil, AZULE/BP Angola, TotalEnergies Angola, and Sonangol. These partnerships reflect AFM’s lasting dedication to delivering high-quality, reliable facilities management services since 2009.

Working closely with leading oil and gas operators, financial institutions, government entities, and residential and retail environments, AFM consistently exceeds client expectations. Our tailored, standards-driven approach, coupled with operational excellence, positions us as a trusted partner for sophisticated and demanding facilities management needs.

ExxonMobil, one of the world’s largest publicly traded energy providers and chemical manufacturers, develops and applies next-generation technologies to help safely and responsibly meet the world’s growing needs for energy and high-quality chemical products.

ExxonMobil has interest in three deep-water blocks covering nearly 2 million gross acres in Angola. These blocks contain world-class development opportunities and have a gross recoverable resource potential of approximately 10 billion oil-equivalent barrels.

Since 2009, AFM has been working for ExxonMobil and received a range of awards and praises from them.

TOTAL is a major energy player, which produces and markets fuels, natural gas and low-carbon electricity. Active in more than 130 countries, their ambition is to become the responsible energy major.

TOTAL has been present in Angola since 1953, it is one of the main branches of the company. Pioneer and lead explorer in Angola, TOTAL has proved all through the years its expertise in the local oil industry.

The collaboration between TOTAL Angola and AFM started in 2011, with AFM being contracted to take over the management of the integrated operation and maintenance of the Platinium building.

Sonangol – Sociedade Nacional de Combustíveis de Angola, E.P. – is the state-owned oil company, responsible for the management of oil and natural gas exploration on the subsoil and continental shelf of Angola, and is responsible for the exploration, production, manufacturing, transportation and marketing of hydrocarbons in Angola.

AFM has been rendering their services to Sonangol since they entered the Torres Atlântico tower in September 2009.

AZULE/BP is a global energy business working across the world. From the deserts to the deep sea, from rigs to retail stations, they provide fuel and power for heat, light and mobility.

AZULE/BP has been in Angola since the 1970s, and in the 1990s it acquired interest in four deep-water offshore blocks some 200 km northwest of Luanda and invested more than $30 billion on its portfolio to date.

The cooperation between AFM and AZULE/BP Angola started in 2009 with the operation of Torres Atlântico. Since December 2015 AFM has also been providing AZULE/BP Angola facility management services in several other BP infrastructures in Luanda.

Flagship projects and operations

Atlântico Towers—headquarters of Sonangol, ExxonMobil, and AZULE/BP—along with the Carmo Towers, the Palace of Justice, the Total Angola Towers, and the headquarters of Banco BAI in the Garden Towers, demonstrate our unparalleled experience in managing Class A infrastructure and complex facilities.

Esso, Sonandol and BP

Torres Atlântico

Torres Atlântico consists of two towers, one office tower and one residential tower with a total area of 49,000 sqm, all managed by AFM. During the course of almost 2 decades, AFM has acquired a great experience in management and technical skills, which has allowed us to differentiate from other service providers in this sector.

ANPG

Torres do Carmo

Since 2019, AFM provides integrated operation and maintenance services at Torres do Carmo for ANGP (Agência Nacional de Petróleo e Gás). Further to Torres do Carmo, AFM provides services in other locations as Armazém Km 27 e Caroteca de Refinaria.

Banco Angolano de Investimentos

Garden Towers

In January 2016, AFM was awarded the management of the maintenance operations of the New Headquarters of BAI – Banco Angolano de Investimentos in Luanda. The provision of services covered a diversity of services lines, ranging from hard to soft services.

Constitutional Court

Palácio da Justiça

In the public sector, the operation and maintenance of the Palace of Justice of Luanda is a relevant reference, through a contract signed with the Constitutional Court. Services provided included covered a broad scope, as reception services and gardening, along with other soft and hard services.

Total Energies

TTA2

Between 2011 and 2016, AFM provided commissioning and maintenance engineering services to TOTAL Angola at the “TOTAL ANGOLA TOWER 2” headquarters, having produced an extensive set of documentation that defines the set of technical requirements indispensable for the proper and planned transition from the construction phase to the operational phase.

Agostinho Neto University

Main Campus

AFM provided management and maintenance services with works corresponding to the transition services at the new University Campus of Luanda, after its inaugurations. Currently, AFM provides integrated facilities management services.

Condominium Occupied by Total

Platinium Budling

AFM provided integrated operation and maintenance services for the Platinium building, in Angola, fully occupied by TOTAL Angola.

Total Energies – HVAC Services

Diverse locations

Total Angola recently awarded to AFM the provision of maintenance services for HVAC South Luanda and Industrial Base and Safety & Security Systems and Data Network, Communication Systems of several infra-structures in Luanda.

Autoridade reguladora da concorrência

Headquarters

AFM provides maintenance services in the ARC Headquarters, which includes 2 offices flores of the AGT – Administração Geral Tributária office tower.

British Embassy

Ambassador's Residence and other locations

In October 2021 the British Embassy in Angola awarded to AFM the provision of Air Conditioning Units Maintenance Service.

Sonangol Group

Headquarters and other locations

In December 2021 AFM started developing integrated facilities management services in several locations owned by Sonangol throughout Angola, such us in Luanda, Huambo, Cabinda, Namibe, Malangue and others.

TotalEnergies - Security and data system services

Diverse locations

In February 2022 AFM started to provide security maintenance and data system services to TotalEnergies Angola in nine different sites in Luanda: Centro de Formação Pazflor, CMS Acácia, Vila 77, Edifícios Impala, Edifício TTA1, Guest House Chicala, Edifício TTA2, Base Industrial (Sonils e Metro-Europa) and Edifício Vista Club.

OPS / SBM Offshore Angola

FPSO

AFM has successfully delivered essential support services across the client’s FPSO fleet operating in Angola. With a strong focus on safety, operational continuity and technical quality, we have executed offshore electrical works such as additional flare tower lighting to enhance safety, as well as engineering repairs to improve onboard conditions and compliance. We also provide specialized offshore services including HVAC hygiene / duct cleaning, pest control and procurement of certified materials and equipment. Focused on safety, quality, and operational continuity, we support our clients with efficient, compliant, and responsive offshore solutions.

EDDA Accommodation

Flotel Edda Fides

For Edda Accommodation, we have provided specialized offshore pest control services aboard the Flotel Edda Fides, in support of their operations in Angola, achieving high standards in terms of safety, quality and operational continuity.

ANGOLA LNG

Diverse locations

In February 2022 AFM started to provide security maintenance and data system services to TotalEnergies Angola in nine different sites in Luanda: Centro de Formação Pazflor, CMS Acácia, Vila 77, Edifícios Impala, Edifício TTA1, Guest House Chicala, Edifício TTA2, Base Industrial (Sonils e Metro-Europa) and Edifício Vista Club.

For more information about these and other AFM’s projects and operations, please contact us.

Contact
Luís Pinto

Luís Pinto has been collaborating with AFM Group since 2013, focusing on coordination and management of maintenance work, including hydraulic and mechanical tasks. He has extensive experience in the Angolan market, having worked with reputable companies such as Engexpor and Teixeira Duarte. At Teixeira Duarte, from 2007 to 2012, he was the technical lead for Special Installations, covering electrical, security, telecommunications, and mechanical systems, as well as managing internal and site projects as an Electrotechnical Engineer.

Between 2012 and 2013, Luís worked at Engexpor, where he coordinated and supervised the maintenance of electrical installations and security systems at the BP Headquarters building (now Azule Energy). Prior to his work in Angola, from 2004 to 2007 in Portugal, he was responsible for special electrical and mechanical installations for Construtora Abrantina and managed electrical and telecommunications projects for Intelda, Lda. Additionally, he served as an electrical installations inspector for the public sector in 2003.

Luís also gained early experience as a programmer at UTAD in Vila Real from 1999 to 2002, developing websites and software. Throughout his career, he has been involved in project management, technical support on-site, and inspection of Special Installations, including electrical, electromechanical, IT networks, telecommunications (ITED), HVAC, gas networks, and water and sewage systems.

He holds a degree in Electrotechnical Engineering with a specialization in electronics, instrumentation, and computing.

Rui Silva

Rui Nuno Silva is a highly experienced Project Superintendent and operations manager with over 21 years of expertise, primarily in Facilities Management within the Oil & Gas sector. He is certified in Lean Management, skilled in cost reduction, productivity enhancement, and maintaining quality and customer satisfaction. Rui is well-versed in ISO 9001 and ISO 14001/EMAS II standards and is known for his meticulous attention to detail and strict adherence to safety and quality protocols.

Beginning his career in 2000, Rui held quality, environment, and safety management roles at Filatex Têxteis and Wolverine Tubagem in Portugal, where he managed ISO certifications, supplier audits, and environmental compliance. In 2010, he joined AFM, marking the start of his international career, and quickly advanced to operations and project management roles. His responsibilities included overseeing logistics and procurement, managing large teams, coordinating maintenance projects, and maintaining strong customer relationships in demanding environments.

Rui has managed a wide range of facilities projects, including maintenance and control of a major university campus and residential building in Luanda, facility enhancement projects for offices serving Oil & Gas clients, extensive refurbishment works, and fit-outs for company headquarters. He excels in collaborating with subcontractors and suppliers to ensure project success, optimize costs, and deliver high-quality services.

Rui holds a degree in Quality Engineering from Universidade Fernando Pessoa in Porto and a postgraduate qualification in Lean Management (Green Belt, Six Sigma).

Luís Presa

Luís Presa is an experienced HVAC professional with over 20 years in Facilities Management, HVAC design, maintenance, and after-sales support. He started his career in 1994 at Liderclima as a Cost Estimator Engineer before moving into maintenance and contract management. He has worked for leading HVAC companies including Sulzer Infra Portugal, EFCIS Group, and Thermoclima, gaining expertise in installation, commissioning, and servicing of HVAC systems.

At Sulzer Infra Portugal, Luís served as Maintenance Manager, overseeing HVAC agreements and refurbishment projects while ensuring compliance with quality, safety, and environmental standards. In 2003, he became Maintenance and After-Sales Manager at EFCIS Group, supporting major HVAC brands and a large Portuguese client base.

In 2009, Luís moved to Angola to expand Thermoclima’s maintenance operations, managing HVAC projects, engineering design, and technical support across mechanical, plumbing, and electrical systems. His leadership skills and ability to manage technical teams and client relations have been key in demanding markets.

Since 2017, Luís has been HVAC Superintendent at AFM’s Torres do Atlântico, leading HVAC operations and projects. He holds a degree in Electrical & Mechanical Engineering, is licensed in Thermodynamics, and speaks Portuguese, English, and Spanish. Proficient with tools like AutoCAD, SAP, and BMS, he excels in customer service, crisis management, and upholding safety, quality, and environmental standards.

Joe Victorian

Joseph Victorian is a seasoned Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE) Manager from the United States with over 40 years of experience.

He began his career in 1982 in the U.S. Army as a Maintenance Technician, collaborating with the Army Corps of Engineers on amphibious vehicle strategies. From the start, safety was a central focus of his work and later became the foundation of his civilian career.

In 1992, Joseph joined Kellogg Brown & Root as Safety Coordinator, developing site-specific procedures and improving safety culture through training and risk mitigation. He later served as Senior Safety Coordinator at Austin Industrial in Houston, overseeing safety orientations, conducting hazard analyses, and advising site management on health and safety matters.

In 2005, he moved to Angola to join the Torres Atlântico project in Luanda as HSE Manager. Since then, he has led the implementation of AFM’s Safety, Health, and Environmental programs in partnership with the Operations Manager. He has extensive knowledge of the building’s infrastructure, personnel, and the safety standards required by ExxonMobil under the ESSO/AFM contract.

Joseph is certified as an NCCER Site Safety Technician Instructor and Hazardous Materials Manager, with additional training in fire safety, CPR, and SCBA maintenance. Fluent in English and proficient in Portuguese, he combines deep technical knowledge with strong leadership in both U.S. and international settings.

Bernardo Nogueira

Bernardo Nogueira, born in 1968 in Angola, has a long career in the Buildings Maintenance sector, focusing on mechanical and electrical maintenance. He began his career in 1985 after completing a Technical Electrical Course and worked as a Refrigeration Technician at MARSIL in Algarve, Portugal, until 1992. He then worked with major companies like SCHMITT+SOHN and THYSSENKRUPP, specializing in elevator maintenance in Portugal and Angola.

From 2007 to 2009, Bernardo contributed to the installation of elevators at the Torres Atlântico Building Complex in Angola as part of THYSSENKRUPP. In 2009, he joined Torres Atlantico Facilities Management in Luanda as a Mechanical Supervisor. His responsibilities included overseeing teams, preventive and corrective maintenance, inventory management, and cost control.

Bernardo has extensive experience in mechanical supervision, particularly in elevator systems, and is highly knowledgeable about the processes required by ESSO under the ESSO/AFM Contract. He is also skilled in using the Loss Prevention System (LPS) for Supervisors, which ensures high safety and operational standards.

He holds a Technical Electrical Course from Escola Técnica de Silves and has completed courses in Automatic Refrigeration and Elevators Installation and Maintenance. Bernardo has received HSE training from ExxonMobil in Loss Prevention and Operations Integrity Management. Fluent in Portuguese, English, and Spanish, he is proficient in Microsoft Office tools and continues to excel in the facilities management industry.

Paula Silva

Paula Silva joined AFM in 2012 and is in charge of the definition, implementation and audit of the integrated quality system, as well as the management of the group’s information technologies.

Paula graduated in Electrotechnical and Computer Engineering from the University of Porto in 1989.

Paula worked between 1989 and 1991 at Philips Portuguesa as a project leader, where she was responsible for the specification, testing and manufacture of electronic components.

Later, between 1992 and 2012, Paula joined INESC Porto – Institute of Engineering, Systems and Computers as a researcher, project manager and consultant, in the areas of organisation, information technologies, quality and industrial maintenance.

Paula completed several complementary professional and academic trainings, namely a master’s degree in Electrotechnical and Computer Engineering in 1994, TMP- Total Productive Maintenance Course, at Astrein in 1999, General Management Course, at the Porto School of Management in 2005, Integrated Logistics and Supply Chain, at EGP in 2006, Analysis of Procedures and Workflow Design, at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto in 2010, ITIL V3 Foundation, at APCER.

Cátia Santos

Cátia Santos has developed her career since 2001 in Marketing, Public Relations, and Advertising, initially working with various companies in Portugal.

In 2005, she relocated to Luanda, Angola, where she gained experience as a Marketing and Advertising Assistant at Valleysoft Ltd. She later served as Commercial Assistant Director at Securitas Angola, a private security firm, until 2009.

After a brief role at Ridge Solutions, a real estate company, Cátia joined AFM Group in 2010 as Soft Services Supervisor, managing cleaning, helpdesk, and gym services. Since May 2011, she has supervised the Customer Services Department at the Torres Atlântico Building Complex, overseeing daily interactions with customers, training the Soft Services team, and ensuring smooth operations.

Her responsibilities include monitoring workplace safety, supporting security through incident prevention and management, and reviewing performance indicators such as KPIs. Cátia is well-versed in the building’s infrastructure and ESSO/AFM contract requirements, including ExxonMobil’s Loss Prevention System (LPS) for managers and supervisors.

As Supervisor of Soft Services, she leads teams managing services and front office operations, including catering, parking, and guesthouse management. Fluent in Portuguese and English, with knowledge of French and Spanish, Cátia is proficient in Microsoft Office and has completed training in commercial management, technical sales, customer service, and CRM.

Sérgio Ferrão

Sérgio Ferrão is a board member of AFM and seasoned Operations Manager with solid expertise in Facilities and Buildings Maintenance. Born in Angola and holding a degree in Economics (2007), Sérgio began his career in 2004, working in office services and socio-economic analysis for IEFP in Portugal. He later entered the financial sector, contributing to banking and mobile payment projects as a Financial Analyst and Consultant, before moving into real estate and construction-related roles. He joined AFM in 2007 and, by 2008, was instrumental in designing and launching facilities management services for ExxonMobil. Since 2009, he has been involved in managing the Torres Atlântico complex, where he became onsite Operations Manager in 2015. His leadership has driven key improvements in operational efficiency and safety, notably through the implementation of LPS and OIMS systems. Sérgio has also served as Operations Control in the Emergency Response Team at Torres Atlântico since 2012. He is a founding member of AAMGA and has led projects in Facilities Management, Real Estate, and Information Systems with companies like AFM, IEFP, and Títulos Lusitanos in Angola and Portugal. He holds additional training in Enterprise Management (IATA) and Real Estate Development (ISEG – Lisbon), along with certifications in OIMS, LPS, first aid, and firefighting.

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AT AFM, OUR STRENGTH LIES IN OUR PEOPLE, OUR STANDARDS, AND OUR DEEP-ROOTED CULTURE OF SAFETY AND SERVICE.

This is what makes us unique — and what drives our clients’ success.

Expertise You Can Trust

Our dedication, technical know-how, and high level of competence distinguish AFM in the Angolan and international markets. We are driven by a hands-on, solutions-focused approach that consistently delivers reliable results.

Skilled & Continuously Trained Workforce

We invest in selecting qualified, experienced professionals and are equally committed to their continuous development. This ensures that every team member is fully prepared to meet client expectations with precision and professionalism. Today, AFM proudly employs near 200 professionals, across operations and support services.

Uncompromising Commitment to Safety

AFM integrates a rigorous Safety, Health, and Environment (SHE) management system into every layer of its operations. We maintain robust programs that
include:

  • A strict substance control and screening process.
  • A proven Safety Induction Plan to onboard every new employee with our safety-first mindset.
  •  Multiple daily safety training sessions and an increasing annual attendance.
  • Ongoing internal training campaigns to maintain excellence in workplace safety.

Client-Centered Service & Operational Excellence.

AFM builds lasting relationships with its clients by offering:

  • Highly skilled teams with hands-on project oversight.
  • Responsive coordination and supervision across all stages of service — from management to operations and maintenance.
  • A strong culture of accountability and partnership in every project we deliver.

Safety First

Our Core Value Safety is non-negotiable at AFM. We align with international HSE best practices, underpinned by standards such as ISO 9001, ISO 14001, and OHSAS 18001 (now ISO 45001). This commitment extends to all personnel—directly employed or subcontracted—and is ingrained in every operation and project

Exemplary Safety Performance

Over 9 million work hours without a single Lost Time Injury (LTI). We’re proud to uphold this sterling record across all operations.

Strong Safety Culture & Training

Our Safety Induction Plan ensures new hires immediately embrace our safety ethos. We deliver daily training, averaging multiple sessions per week, with both classroom and on-site training.

Substance-Controlled Workplace

AFM enforces a strict Alcohol & Drug Policy, in line with national laws. Employees undergo several alcohol/drug tests per year, both randomly and by schedule.

Incentive & Integration Programs

Our Safety Incentive Awards Program rewards teams and individuals who surpass safety standards. We are fully aligned with clients’ Integrity or OIMS Systems, ensuring a collaborative, consistent approach to quality and safety.

Institutional Governance & Policy Framework

Our HSE & Environmental Policy is formally documented in our Safety, Health & Environment Manual, built on international standards and regularly audited. We maintain constant interface with clients and subcontractors to align operational procedures and safety objectives.

Leadership, Awards & Recognition

Our leadership team champions safety from the board level. AFM has received multiple Excellence Awards for Safety from Esso Angola and from Total Energies —testament to our high-performance culture.

Offshore Facility Maintenance & Technical Support

Operating offshore requires highly specialized technical expertise. AFM’s offshore maintenance services focus on ensuring the integrity and reliability of all critical systems, including electrical, mechanical, and HVAC systems. Our certified engineers provide preventive maintenance, emergency repairs, and system upgrades, ensuring that your offshore facilities are always operational.

  • HVAC & Refrigeration Maintenance
  • Mechanical & Electrical Systems Management
  • Corrosion Control & Asset Integrity
  • 24/7 Emergency Support
  •  …

Safety & Compliance Management

Safety is paramount in offshore operations. AFM’s facilities management team adheres to international safety standards and local regulatory requirements, ensuring that your offshore platform remains compliant with safety regulations, environmental standards, and health protocols. We conduct regular safety drills, risk assessments, and inspections to ensure that all are protected and operations run without interruption.

  • Safety Inspections & Audits
  • Emergency Response Plans
  • Health & Safety Compliance
  • Training & Awareness Programs
  • …

Explore Our Offshore Solutions

AFM offers customized facilities management solutions that ensure the long-term success of your offshore operations. Our team is dedicated to keeping your infrastructures running efficiently and all personnel is safe. Contact us today to learn how we can support your offshore operations with expert facilities management.

DELIVERING EXCELLENCE TO LEADING CORPORATIONS & DEVELOPMENTS SINCE 2006.

Since 2006, AFM has been a trusted partner for some of the most prominent companies and real estate developments in Angola.

Our ability to provide world-class facilities management in high-stakes sectors such as oil & gas, real estate development, and corporate office spaces has positioned us as a leader in the industry.

We proudly serve some of the most demanding clients, including Sonangol, Exxonmobil, Bp, Azule, Eni, ANPG, Ministério dos Transportes, etc.

Our expertise in handling large-scale, mission-critical operations has allowed us to build a strong reputation for reliability, professionalism, and quality service.

For more information, please refer to “More on Clients” and “More on Projects & Operations”.

KEY CLIENTS & SECTORS

  • Oil & Gas – AFM manages facilities for major players like Sonangol and ExxonMobil, ensuring operations run smoothly in challenging environments.
  • Commercial Real Estate – AFM expertise extends to maintaining high-end office spaces, ensuring that every aspect of your building is functional, safe, and comfortable for tenants.
  • Residential Developments – We manage several high-profile residential buildings, offering concierge-level services and ensuring a high standard of living for tenants.

AFM is proud to offer comprehensive facilities management services designed to meet the diverse needs of modern buildings and infrastructures. We are your one-stop partner for hard services, soft services, and commodities supply. No matter the complexity, we are ready to handle it all with an integrated approach that ensures cost efficiency and peak performance.

Hard Services
We manage the technical aspects of your building, ensuring that all mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) systems are well-maintained and running at optimal performance. From HVAC systems to fire safety, we cover it all. Our certified engineers are always ready to fix, replace, or upgrade systems to maintain safety and operational efficiency.

  • Preventive & Corrective Maintenance
  • Equipment Upgrades & Retrofit Solutions
  • 24/7 Technical Support
  • …

Soft Services
Our soft services focus on the day-to-day care and upkeep of your property’s aesthetics and functionality. This includes services like cleaning, landscaping, waste management, and security. We work closely with you to customize services that enhance your tenants’ experience and maintain the image of your property.

  • Daily Cleaning & Janitorial Services
  • Landscaping & Groundskeeping
  • Security & Concierge Services

Commodities Supply
AFM also manages the supply of critical commodities for your property, including consumables and building materials. We work with trusted suppliers to ensure you always have what you need, on time and within budget.

  • Office Supplies & Consumables
  • Energy & Water Supply Management
  • Building Materials Procurement.

At AFM, we believe that buildings are not just structures—they are environments that must function flawlessly. Our “Buildings That Work” promise reflects our unwavering commitment to delivering operational excellence, ensuring every aspect of your facility operates smoothly and efficiently.

From preventive maintenance to ongoing support, we ensure that each system and service functions seamlessly, allowing your people to focus on what matters most. Whether it’s ensuring energy efficiency, improving the safety of occupants, or maintaining critical systems, we’re dedicated to making your buildings work to their fullest potential.

Operational Excellence – AFM goes beyond routine maintenance, offering proactive solutions that keep your property running at peak performance.

Seamless Integration – AFM manages both hard and soft services, ensuring no detail is overlooked, from air conditioning to landscaping.

Why Choose AFM
• Experience – Over a decade of managing world-class facilities for top-tier clients.
• Reliability – 24/7 support and proactive maintenance to minimize downtime.
• Customized Solutions – Tailored services that meet the unique needs of every client, no matter the sector.
• Competitive Prices – Offering great value without compromising on quality.
• Health, Safety, and Compliance – Services designed to meet the strictest safety standards and environmental guidelines.

AFM Registered with ANPG, under the Exclusive Regime.
AFM is officially registered with ANPG (National Agency for Oil, Gas and Biofuels) under the Exclusive Regime, a status granted to Angolan companies that demonstrate proven technical capability, operational excellence, and full compliance with safety and regulatory standards.

Quality Certification
AFM is certified in Quality Management Systems, recognized for its commitment to excellence, continuous improvement, and customer satisfaction. The certification is in compliance with the international ISO 9001 standard, ensuring that all our processes — from administrative management to field operations — follow strict protocols for quality, efficiency, and control.